What is upstream and downstream processing?

daniel-tischler

Daniel Tischler

December 19, 2022

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Upstream and downstream processing are two steps inherent to the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) used in biopharmaceuticals. Upstream processing takes small quantities of engineered microbial or mammalian cell culture to grow it to larger volumes in the controlled environment of bioreactors. As the subsequent process step, downstream processing includes the separation and purification - by means of chromatography or centrifugation and filtration - of the cells generated during the upstream bioprocessing step.

The production and processing of APIs is challenged by increasing regulation and manufacturing costs. This calls for flexible solutions throughout the upstream and downstream processing, which is why a growing number of manufacturing processes utilize single-use systems, making the individual process steps scalable from lab to large-scale.

What is Upstream and Downstream processing

What is upstream processing?

As already mentioned, upstream processing in biotechnology describes the step of preparing cell cultures for fermentation. It encompasses various steps, which will be described in further detail below.

The main aim of upstream bioprocessing, however, is to achieve large-scale cell-growth from small amounts from a variety of cell lines. The required volume can vary, and single-use technologies are an efficient way to cater to different needs and volumes, while  titers are used as the primary benchmark to characterize upstream manufacturing efficiency, with higher titers generally indicating that more desired product is manufactured using the same or less amount of fluid or filled bioreactor volume.

Certain parameters, such as glycosylation patterns for monoclonal antibody (mAb) products, are primarily impacted by the upstream process and need to be monitored during the entire process development.

One can differ between two types of upstream bioprocessing in a bioreactor. In perfusion, also called upstream continuous bioprocessing, cell-culture is removed from the bioreactor and replaced with fresh cell-culture media continuously. It was implemented to produce modern biopharmaceuticals where time to market counts. Perfusion is performed for maximum efficiency due to high flexibility, efficient use of facilities and cost reductions which come with it. Whereas in fed batch systems nutrients are fed to the bioreactor during cultivation. Fed-batch reactions typically last up to 14 days.

Steps in upstream processing

The upstream part of a bioprocess refers to the initial stage in which microbes/cells are grown from either bacterial or mammalian cell lines in bioreactors. Cultivation and cell growth can be achieved by adding nutrients, growth hormones or cell culture media to the fermenter. Microbial organisms can grow much faster than mammalian cells, with cultivation times of several days or even hours. Upstream processing involves the following steps, all of which are related to inoculum development:

  • Master cell bank (MCB)
  • Working cell bank (WCB)
  • Media Preparation
  • Cell Culture
  • Cell Separation
  • Harvest and Clarification

Once the cells are ready for harvesting, they will be extracted before being further processed in the downstream processing step. In the clarification filtration steps, the harvested material of a bioreactor is prepared for downstream purification by reducing the content of impurities and particles.

What is downstream processing?

Now that the cells have been cultivated and harvested, they need to be recovered and purified to be of further use for biomanufacturing processes. Downstream processing implies manufacture of a purified final product - including antibiotics, hormones and enzymes - usually procured in large scales, while analytical bioseparation (also achieved by downstream processing) refers to the purification process for the sole purpose of measuring a component or components of a formulation.

The latter may require sample sizes as small as a single cell, while approved vaccines and gene therapy products require larger quantities, which makes the option to scale-up not only desirable; rather, it is viewed as an integral part of process development.

Steps in downstream processing

Downstream processing includes processes required to take biological materials such as cells and derive from them a pure product. The various steps of downstream processing involve:

  • Separation
  • Cell disruption
  • Extraction
  • Isolation
  • Purification
  • Polishing
  • Virus filtration/inactivation
  • Concentration

Typical operations to achieve the removal of insolubles are filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation or precipitation. Product isolation is the removal of components with properties that vary considerably from that of the desired final product. Isolation steps to remove impurities include solvent extraction, adsorption and ultrafiltration.

Optimization of Bioprocessing

The development and cultivation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), gene therapy vectors, and other advanced treatments is a highly specialized process dealing with extremely sensitive biologics, thus requiring sophisticated solutions.

The optimization of bioprocessing unit operations not only yields significant savings but more importantly leads to increased safety and reliability. In addition, bioreactor upgrades and the implementation of single-use technologies can achieve an increased degree of scalability that allows to take different formulations from lab to large-scale production.

But in order to minimize the risk of bio contamination and product loss, optimizing biomanufacturing processes extends beyond the upgrade of upstream and downstream unit operations. Single-use bioprocessing allows for optimization of storage and shipping - it basically covers the entire supply chain.

Single-use Systems in upstream and downstream processing

The optimization of upstream and downstream processes happens on the increasing use of single-use systems. Typical stainless steel bioreactors and tubing are being replaced by smaller, more flexible single-use systems. These offer maximum flexibility, cost savings, scalability, and a small environmental footprint. Single-use equipment is widely used to enable scalable bioprocessing. A study from American pharmaceutical review in 2020 shows that more than 85% of processes in these areas use disposables.1 

eBook: Filling Gaps in Managing Large Volumes of Biologics

Aseptic aliquotation and cryopreservation of drug substances are crucial process steps in bioprocessing. Even though they’re not in the spotlight of biomanufacturing. In drug development and drug delivery, biologics must be transferred at numerous occasions. Along the journey of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and more, the drug substance passes lots of process steps where liquid transfer is required. This is relevant for the transitions between upstream processing, downstream processing and fill & finish, but also within these manufacturing milestones. The market of fluid & cold chain management has great growth potential and is on its way to professionalization and industrialization. To meet the challenges of manufacturing drug substances, Single Use Support helps manufacturers and CDMOs to advance their fluid & cold chain management process to achieve a secure and efficient process for liquids on the basis of single-use bags.

Safe storage & shipping of APIs

There are still significant technological gaps in the interface between upstream/downstream and fill/finish and within each bioprocessing process. All process steps are in the biopharmaceutical production chain. With these areas often being geographically detached, a reliable, high-level handling of bulk drug substances has to be guaranteed. In terms of viability, single-use technologies are ideal: They offer secure solutions for filling, freezing, thawing and any liquid transfer or logistics processes.

RoSS.FILL - single use filling machine for CGT bags

It is vital that APIs have consistent product characteristics, regardless of the production batch or container in which they were collected following final filtration. Variations in the concentration of product- and/or process-related impurities are to be prevented at all costs as they can have an impact on the efficacy of the product, and consequently the patient’s safety. A closed system that can be adapted offers a versatile solution as it can be utilized from early-stage trials and lab purposes all the way to blockbuster production. 

Upstream & Downstream processing: FAQs

What are the similarities between Upstream and Downstream processing?

Upstream and downstream processing are unit operations required in the production of biologics, using host cell proteins. By definition, however, the two process steps differ, as upstream deals with inoculum development, while downstream bioprocessing deals with purified, harvested and clarified products and can include final product development.

What is the difference between Upstream and Downstream processing?

The key difference is that upstream bioprocessing involves screening and identification of microorganisms, media preparation, multiplication of microbes inside bioreactors, while downstream bioprocessing deals with extraction, purification and filtration of the resulting product.

What are examples of process steps in downstream bioprocessing?

Downstream processing involves all unit operations after fermentation that improve the purity of the final product. Process steps and unit operations in downstream processing are for example cell disruption, separation, filtration, chromatography, ion-exchange, purification, extraction and clarification, isolation, crystallization, inactivation, concentration, and polishing.

What are examples of applications in upstream bioprocessing?

Upstream processing includes formulation of the fermentation medium, sterilization of air, fermentation medium and the fermenter, inoculum preparation and inoculation of the medium. One of the areas of application is the production of monoclonal antibodies, which are used to express recombinant antibodies. Read more about fermentation in the pharmaceutical industry

Read more

Upstream processing with single-use systems

Upstream processing with single-use systems

The manufacturing process of biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies, mRNA and bioconjugates is divided into upstream and downstream processing. Manufacturers seeking reliable automation and optimization fit for scale-up are increasingly employing single-use bioreactors, titers, filtration and other components, especially during upstream.

Single-use technology in downstream processing

Downstream processing with single-use systems

One would think that a sector like the fast-paced biomanufacturing industry could not get any faster. Yet, increased speed-to-market and ever more efficient manufacturing continue to drive product and process development. This is why single-use technologies have become increasingly popular. Read more about single-use systems for downstream processing in this article. 

Bioprocessing – everything you need to know

Bioprocessing – everything you need to know

Bioprocessing is a fundamental technology for various aspects of our lives, including the biopharma industry. In this article, we will provide some interesting facts about applications, techniques and future expectations regarding bioprocessing.

RoSS.FILL - single use filling machine for CGT bags

Biomanufacturing: Process, steps and challenges in manufacturing biologics

As biologics have become a central pillar in today’s healthcare sector, their manufacturing process increasingly draws attention. In this article, we will discuss the process step by step, including challenges and possible ways to overcome them.

daniel-tischler

Daniel Tischler

Director Commercial Operations

Daniel Tischler is Director Commercial Operations and Deputy of Chief Commercial Operations with experience in product line management, application engineer at Single Use Support.

Proximity to mechatronic systems and to customers were two constants for Daniel Tischler. At Single Use Support he started as a project manager. Later he provided customers technical insights as sales application engineer. Daniel was Head of Product Line Management working on new innovations for customers in the biopharmaceutical industry, before he has started as Director of Commercial Operations.

Daniel has gained 10+ years of expertise in design engineering and project management before he joined Single Use Support.

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